Forums - شروحات و مشاكل الـ VPS و LINUX

How to Free Up Space From sda1 on Linux

Tue, 02 Dec 2025 02:27:39 +0800

Solution

After trying many different methods that may work for you, such as running the commands

كود:
sudo apt autoremove

كود:
sudo apt autoclean

, the solution is:

Run

كود:
du -hs * | sort -h

and the terminal will output all the directories and files of your current directory in ascending order so that you can see which files or directories are taking so much storage. The output will look like this:

Now you can see which files or directories are taking much space and delete them using

كود:
rm -rf filename

كود:
rm -rf directory_name

. I did it and after running

كود:
df -h

again, I now had 88% — instead of 100% — of memory used from the

كود:
dev/sda1

directory. Even though I had deleted many files and directories, it seemed strange to me that something was still occupying so much space. And here comes a powerful tool that solved my problems and of which I knew nothing before running into this issue.

NCDU

NCDU shows you which files and directories are taking the most space on the directory you run it — but it shows even the hidden files and directories that the other commands we used so far are unable to show. I did show you the other commands though because finding the big files and deleting them manually helped me to get some space — even if it was only a bit — so that I could install

كود:
ncdu

by running the command

كود:
sudo apt-get install ncdu

. Now, running the command

كود:
ncdu path

will show you what you need to find out — path being the directory you want to inspect, which on my case path was equal to

كود:
/home/myusername

. You will see something like this:

Here we go! After I solved the issue, you can see that anaconda3 takes up the most space, but before solving the issue,

كود:
.local

took about 4GiB of my memory — that is a lot. Also,

كود:
.cache

was a big part of the problem.

You now only need to remove the biggest files in these directories. I do not recommend removing all of the content inside them at once, but there are different opinions about it over the internet. But make some research so that you will not be doing something damageable for your computer. So, now, just run

كود:
cd .cache

and run

كود:
du -hs * | sort -h

to find which applications’ caches are unnecessarily big. Then, run

كود:
rm -rf filename

where the filename will be the name of the file you want to remove. Also, if

كود:
.local

is taking much space too, run

كود:
rm -rf ~/.local/share/Trash

to remove all the trash that has been saved — if you don't care about them, of course. If the

كود:
.thumbs/

file is also taking much space, run

كود:
rm -rf ~/.thumbs/*

After doing all of this and removing the anaconda files I had before and trying running its installer again, the installation succeed, and now I can use it without any problems.

Credits to this helpful article on NCDU that was a light for me:

reading text character for character script shell

Wed, 05 Nov 2025 18:38:02 +0800

[left]To read text character by character in a shell script, you can utilize the read command with the -n1 option within a loop. This approach allows processing of a file or input stream one character at a time.[/left]
[left][size=4]Example Script:[/size]
[size=2]Code[/size]
[center][/center]

كود:
#!/bin/bash

# Prompt the user to enter a file name

read -p "Enter file name: " filename

# Check if the file exists

if [[ ! -f "$filename" ]]; then

    echo "Error: File '$filename' not found."

    exit 1

fi

echo "Reading characters from '$filename':"

# Loop to read the file character by character

while IFS= read -r -n1 character; do

    # Process each character (e.g., print it)

    echo "Character: '$character'"

done < "$filename"

echo "End of file."

[size=4]Explanation:[/size][/left]
[left][/left]
[left][size=4]#!/bin/bash: This is the shebang line, specifying that the script should be executed with Bash.
[/size]
[size=4]read -p "Enter file name: " filename: Prompts the user to enter a file name and stores it in the filename variable.[/size]
[size=4]if [[ ! -f "$filename" ]]; then ... fi: Checks if the provided file exists. If not, an error message is displayed, and the script exits.[/size]
[size=4]while IFS= read -r -n1 character; do ... done < "$filename": This is the core of the character-by-character reading.[/size]
[size=4]IFS=: Temporarily clears the Internal Field Separator to prevent word splitting and globbing, ensuring that special characters are read literally.[/size]
[size=4]read -r -n1 character:[/size]
[size=4]-r: Prevents backslash escapes from being interpreted.[/size]
[size=4]-n1: Specifies that read should read exactly one character.[/size]
[size=4]character: The variable where the read character will be stored.[/size]
[size=4]< "$filename": Redirects the content of the specified file as input to the while loop.[/size]
[size=4]echo "Character: '$character'": Inside the loop, this line prints each character that is read. You can replace this with any other processing logic for the character.[/size]
[size=4]This script demonstrates a robust method for reading and processing text files character by character in a Bash shell environment.[/size][/left]

script input_password= in shell script

Tue, 04 Nov 2025 17:38:23 +0800

To obtain a password input in a shell script without echoing the characters to the terminal, the read command with the -s option is typically used.

Here is an example:

كود:
#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter your password:"

read -s password_variable

echo # Add a newline after silent input

echo "Password has been entered."

# You can now use $password_variable in your script

# For example:

# echo "The entered password is: $password_variable" # Be cautious with echoing se

Explanation:

echo "Enter your password:": This line displays a prompt to the user.

read -s password_variable:

read: This command reads a line of input from the user.

-s: This option makes the input silent, meaning the characters typed by the user will not be displayed on the screen.

password_variable: This is the name of the variable where the entered password will be stored.

echo: After the silent input, it is good practice to add an echo command to print a newline, ensuring subsequent output starts on a new line.

Important Security Considerations:

Avoid storing passwords in plain text: Do not store the entered password directly in files or environment variables if possible, as this poses a security risk.

Use secure methods for password handling: For more complex scenarios, consider using tools like expect for automating interactions with programs requiring passwords or integrating with secure credential management systems.

Limit exposure of sensitive information: Be mindful of where and how you use the password_variable to prevent accidental disclosure.

Passing the file name as a command-line argument

Tue, 04 Nov 2025 17:18:41 +0800

How to run the script:

bash

كود:
./your_script.sh /path/to/input_file.txt

[b]Inside [/b]

كود:
your_script.sh

[b]:[/b]

You would use the variable

كود:
$1

to refer to the file path.

bash

كود:
#!/bin/bash

INPUT_FILE="$1"

# Check if file was provided and exists

if [ -z "$INPUT_FILE" ]; then

  echo "Usage: $0 "

  exit 1

fi

if [ ! -f "$INPUT_FILE" ]; then

  echo "Error: File not found at $INPUT_FILE"

  exit 1

fi

# Example: Read the file line by line

while IFS= read -r line; do

  echo "Next line: $line"

done < "$INPUT_FILE"

Redirecting the file content to standard input

The script reads directly from its standard input (stdin), which the shell connects to the file's content using the

كود:
<

operator.

[b]How to run the script:[/b]

bash

كود:
./your_script.sh < /path/to/input_file.txt

[b]Inside [/b]

كود:
your_script.sh

[b]:[/b]

The script uses commands that read from stdin, such as

كود:
read

كود:
cat

كود:
grep

كود:
tr

, etc.

bash

كود:
#!/bin/bash

# Example: Read from standard input line by line

while IFS= read -r line; do

  echo "Next line: $line"

done

# The loop reads from stdin because no redirection is specified in the while command itself.

# Alternatively, other commands can use stdin directly:

# tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' # This would convert all input to uppercase

3. Using custom argument parsing (for

كود:
input_file=

)

If you want to use the specific

كود:
input_file=

format as in your example, you need to parse the arguments manually within your script.

[b]How to run the script:[/b]

bash

كود:
./your_script.sh input_file=/path/to/file.txt

[b]Inside [/b]

كود:
your_script.sh

[b]:[/b]

bash

كود:
#!/bin/bash

for arg in "$@"; do

  case "$arg" in

    input_file=*)

      INPUT_FILE="${arg#*=}" # Extract the value after the '='

      ;;

    *)

      # Handle other arguments or errors

      ;;

  esac

done

# Now you can use $INPUT_FILE as in Method 1

if [ -f "$INPUT_FILE" ]; then

  echo "Processing file: $INPUT_FILE"

  # ... processing code here ...

else

  echo "Error: File not found or not specified."

fi

Encrypting a file line by line

Tue, 04 Nov 2025 16:52:16 +0800

Encrypting a file line by line

You can use a Bash loop to process the file line by line. This example uses

How to run the script:

bash

كود:
./Encryptinglinebyline.sh /path/to/input_file.txt

bash

كود:
#!/bin/bash

#INPUT_FILE="/path/to/file.txt"

# Example: Read the file line by line  ./your_script.sh /path/to/input_file.txt

INPUT_FILE="$1"

# Check if file was provided and exists

if [ -z "$INPUT_FILE" ]; then

  echo "Usage: $0 "

  exit 1

fi

if [ ! -f "$INPUT_FILE" ]; then

  echo "Error: File not found at $INPUT_FILE"

  exit 1

fi

OUTPUT_FILE="encrypted.txt"

PASSPHRASE="your_secret_password" # Replace with your actual password

> "$OUTPUT_FILE" # Clear the output file

while IFS= read -r line

do

  # Skip empty lines if necessary

  if [ -z "$line" ]; then

    continue

  fi

  # Encrypt the line and append to the output file

  echo "$line" | openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -a -salt -pbkdf2 -pass pass:"$PASSPHRASE" >> "$OUTPUT_FILE"

done < "$INPUT_FILE"

echo "Encryption complete. Encrypted data saved to $OUTPUT_FILE"

Decrypting the file line by line

The decryption process also involves reading each line of the encrypted file and decrypting it individually.

bash

كود:
#!/bin/bash

 #INPUT_FILE="/path/to/file_encrypted.txt"

# Example: Read the file line by line  ./your_script.sh /path/to/input_file.txt

INPUT_FILE="$1"

# Check if file was provided and exists

if [ -z "$INPUT_FILE" ]; then

  echo "Usage: $0 "

  exit 1

fi

if [ ! -f "$INPUT_FILE" ]; then

  echo "Error: File not found at $INPUT_FILE"

  exit 1

fi 

OUTPUT_FILE="decrypted.txt"

PASSPHRASE="your_secret_password" # Use the same password used for encryption

> "$OUTPUT_FILE" # Clear the output file

while IFS= read -r line

do

  # Decrypt the line and append to the output file

  echo "$line" | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -a -salt -pbkdf2 -pass pass:"$PASSPHRASE" >> "$OUTPUT_FILE"

done < "$INPUT_FILE"

echo "Decryption complete. Decrypted data saved to $OUTPUT_FILE"

Alternative: Encrypting the entire file at once

For most standard use cases, it is much simpler and more efficient to encrypt the entire file using a single OpenSSL command:

[b]Encryption:[/b]

bash

كود:
openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -salt -pbkdf2 -a -e -in plaintext.txt -out encrypted.txt

[b]Decryption:[/b]

bash

كود:
openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -salt -pbkdf2 -a -in encrypted.txt -out decrypted.txt

OpenSSL Webterm

Tue, 28 Oct 2025 06:51:04 +0800

image

Installation
First, install Node.js and npm. Then clone this project and install its dependencies:

$ git clone https://github.com/cryptool-org/openssl-webterm.git
$ cd openssl-webterm
$ npm install
Then start a Webpack development server:

$ npm run serve

You can now view the OpenSSL Webterm at https://localhost:4200.

الموقع الرسمي
https://github.com/cryptool-org/openssl-...me-ov-file

openssl-webterm-master.zip (الحجم: 1.5 MB / التحميلات: 0)

Download Node.js®

Tue, 28 Oct 2025 06:49:00 +0800

# Download and install nvm:
curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh...install.sh | bash

# in lieu of restarting the shell
\. "$HOME/.nvm/nvm.sh"

# Download and install Node.js:
nvm install 22

# Verify the Node.js version:
node -v # Should print "v22.21.0".

# Verify npm version:
npm -v # Should pr

int "10.9.4".

الموقع الرسمي
https://nodejs.org/en/download

OpenSSL to Encrypt Messages and Files on Linux

Sun, 26 Oct 2025 03:36:39 +0800

استخدام OpenSSL لتشفير الرسائل والملفات على Linux

[b]في هذا البرنامج التعليمي سوف تتعلم:[/b]

كيفية تشفير رسالة باستخدام OpenSSL
كيفية فك تشفير رسالة مشفرة باستخدام OpenSSL
كيفية تشفير ملف باستخدام OpenSSL
كيفية فك تشفير ملف مشفر باستخدام OpenSSL
خوارزميات التشفير المختلفة المتوفرة في OpenSSL

استخدام OpenSSL لتشفير الرسائل والملفات على Linux

متطلبات البرمجيات واتفاقيات سطر أوامر لينكسفئة

المتطلبات أو الاتفاقيات أو إصدار البرنامج المستخدمنظام

نظام لينكس

برمجة

أوبن إس إس إل

آخر

المعرفة الأساسية بسطر أوامر لينكس

الاتفاقيات

[b][b]#[/b] – يتطلب تنفيذ أوامر لينكس المحددة باستخدام امتيازات الجذر إما بشكل مباشر كمستخدم جذر أو باستخدام [/b]

كود:
sudo

الأمر

[b]$[/b] – يتطلب تنفيذ أوامر لينكس المحددة كمستخدم عادي غير ذي امتيازات

تشفير الرسائل والملفات باستخدام OpenSSL

يوفر OpenSSL مجموعة متنوعة من خوارزميات التشفير لتأمين الرسائل والملفات. تتيح هذه المرونة للمستخدمين اختيار الطريقة الأنسب لاحتياجاتهم الخاصة. فيما يلي خمس طرق لتشفير البيانات وفك تشفيرها باستخدام OpenSSL.

[b]تشفير رسالة بكلمة مرور[/b] : تُشفّر هذه الطريقة الرسالة باستخدام كلمة مرور، وهي مطلوبة لفك تشفيرها. يُنصح باستخدام `-pbkdf2` لمزيد من الأمان.

$ echo "LinuxConfig.org" | openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -a -salt -pbkdf2 -pass pass:mysecretpassword

U2FsdGVkX19W9lxb8u93hvzRYaTr7rh8Pn6gOKzGJaMjjcQeIcR+PfIKLavho9qF

يستخدم هذا الأمر خوارزمية التشفير AES-256-CBC لتشفير رسالة "LinuxConfig.org". يضمن الرمز `-a` ترميز المخرجات بتنسيق base64، مما يُسهّل التعامل معها كسلسلة نصية. يُوصى باستخدام الرمز `-pbkdf2` لتحسين أمان اشتقاق المفتاح.
[b]فك تشفير رسالة باستخدام كلمة المرور[/b] : تقوم هذه الطريقة بفك تشفير الرسالة المشفرة في الخطوة السابقة باستخدام نفس كلمة المرور.

$ echo "U2FsdGVkX1/POwwfJq2VK3mqDqFO1Ttfuc+q8UuvoQ4Z0F2byx1uNI3NSjeipkAi" | openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -a -d -salt -pbkdf2 -pass pass:mysecretpassword

استبدل "U2FsdGVkX1/POwwfJq2VK3mqDqFO1Ttfuc+q8UuvoQ4Z0F2byx1uNI3NSjeipkAi" بالرسالة المشفرة الفعلية. يشير الرمز `-d` إلى فك التشفير.

تشفير وفك تشفير الرسالة باستخدام كلمة مرور
[b]تشفير ملف باستخدام كلمة مرور[/b] : تقوم هذه الطريقة بتشفير محتويات الملف باستخدام كلمة مرور.

$ openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -salt -pbkdf2 -in mydata.txt -out mydata.txt.enc -pass pass:mysecretpassword

يقوم هذا الأمر بقراءة الملف `mydata.txt`، ويقوم بتشفير محتوياته باستخدام AES-256-CBC، ثم يكتب البيانات المشفرة في `mydata.txt.enc`.
[b]فك تشفير ملف باستخدام كلمة مرور[/b] : تقوم هذه الطريقة بفك تشفير الملف المشفر في الخطوة السابقة باستخدام نفس كلمة المرور.

$ openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -d -salt -pbkdf2 -in mydata.txt.enc -out mydata.txt -pass pass:mysecretpassword

يقوم هذا الأمر بقراءة الملف المشفر `mydata.txt.enc`، وفك تشفير محتوياته، وكتابة البيانات الأصلية مرة أخرى في `mydata.txt`.

تشفير وفك تشفير ملف باستخدام كلمة مرور
[b]التشفير وفك التشفير باستخدام زوج مفاتيح عام/خاص[/b] : تتضمن هذه الطريقة تشفير رسالة بمفتاح عام وفك تشفيرها بمفتاح خاص مماثل.

إنشاء زوج مفاتيح:

$ openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out private_key.pem -aes256

$ openssl rsa -pubout -in private_key.pem -out public_key.pem

إنشاء زوج مفاتيح SSL

تشفير الرسالة:

$ echo "LinuxConfig.org" | openssl pkeyutl -encrypt -pubin -inkey public_key.pem -out encrypted_message.bin

فك تشفير الرسالة:

$ openssl pkeyutl -decrypt -inkey private_key.pem -in encrypted_message.bin

في هذه الطريقة، يتم تشفير الرسالة بالمفتاح العام ولا يمكن فك تشفيرها إلا بالمفتاح الخاص المقابل، مما يضمن الاتصال الآمن.

تشفير وفك تشفير الرسائل باستخدام أزواج مفاتيح OpenSSL.

خاتمة

يوفر OpenSSL أدوات فعّالة لتشفير وفك تشفير الرسائل والملفات على نظام Linux. بإتقان هذه الأساليب، يمكنك تعزيز أمان بياناتك بشكل ملحوظ. سواء كنت تفضل التشفير بكلمة مرور أو الأمان القوي لأزواج المفاتيح العامة/الخاصة، فإن OpenSSL لديه الإمكانيات اللازمة لتلبية احتياجاتك من التشفير.